Optical constants

Refractive index of C₁₂H₂₄O₁₂ (Lactose monohydrate)

Juntunen et al. 2024: n 1.10–1.65 µm

Data: formula 5
Range: 1.1–1.65 µm
Temperature: 296 K
Licence: CC0-1.0

Axis Log x Log y

Click the plot to set the calculator wavelength.

At one wavelength

Refractive index n: 1.54011
Extinction coefficient k: 0

Permittivity ε₁: 2.37192
Permittivity ε₂: 0

Absorption coefficient α: 0 cm⁻¹
Penetration depth δ = λ/(2πk): — nm

Abbe number V_d: —
Chromatic dispersion dn/dλ: -0.00620563 µm⁻¹

Group index n_g: 1.54848
Group velocity dispersion: 61.6788 fs²/mm

Dispersion parameter D: -63.7483 ps/(nm·km)
Photon energy: 0.918401 eV

ε = (n + ik)², α = 4πk/λ, n_g = n − λ dn/dλ, GVD = λ³/(2πc²) d²n/dλ², D = −(λ/c) d²n/dλ². Group-velocity dispersion is given for formula data only.

Use it in Lightsmith

Load this data in Python, simulate in one more line

pip install lightsmith

import lightsmith as ls

# C12H24O12 (Lactose monohydrate): Juntunen et al. 2024: n 1.10–1.65 µm
c12h24o12 = ls.fetch_refractiveindex("organic", "lactose_monohydrate", "Juntunen", ref="c5c2f188e848453def5970e347399d653df2ffc2")
print(c12h24o12.range_nm)  # (1100, 1650) nm
eps = c12h24o12.eps([1350])  # complex permittivity

Downloads the original record once (pinned to the imported snapshot) and caches it.

import json, urllib.request
import lightsmith as ls

url = "https://materials.lightsmith.dev/v1/datasets/ds_2da77265b7e4/lightsmith"
c12h24o12 = ls.Tabulated.model_validate(json.load(urllib.request.urlopen(url)))
print(c12h24o12.source)  # citation and provenance travel with the data

Any dataset here, as the library's Tabulated material (lactose-monohydrate/juntunen-2024).

# ... load c12h24o12 as above, then:
sim = ls.Simulation(
    particles=[ls.Particle(shape=ls.Sphere(radius_nm=50), material=c12h24o12)],
    medium_index=1.0,
    wavelengths=ls.WavelengthRange(start_nm=1100, stop_nm=1650, num=81),
)
res = ls.solve(sim)  # exact Mie for a sphere
print(res.q_ext)     # extinction efficiency at each wavelength

Same spec runs with DDA, FDTD, BEM or T-matrix: ls.compare(sim, ["mie", "dda"]).

Materials guide Open a sphere of it in Studio Quick start Ask the community

Lightsmith is open source (MIT): Mie, T-matrix, BEM, DDA, FDTD, RCWA, TMM, mode solvers and inverse design behind one spec, on CPU or GPU. GitHub.

Dispersion formula

Cauchy (formula 5), λ in µm

n = 1.536 + 0.00733 λ^{- 2.0} + 0.0002771 λ^{- 4.0}

Valid from 1.1 to 1.65 µm.

Coefficients as stored

C_i	Value
C1	1.536
C2	0.00733
C3	-2.0
C4	0.0002771
C5	-4.0

Comments and conditions

Powder. 23 °C

Conditions

temperature: 296 K

References

C. Juntunen, A. J. Rish, C. A. Anderson, Y. Sung. Refractive index measurement of pharmaceutical powders in the short-wave infrared range using index matching assisted with phase imaging. Powder Technol. 438, 119621-23149 (2024)

doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2024.119621 Refractive index measurement of pharmaceutical powders in the short-wave infrared range using index matching assisted with phase imaging, Powder Technology (2024)

Cite

Cory Juntunen, Adam J. Rish, Carl A. Anderson and Yongjin Sung. Refractive index measurement of pharmaceutical powders in the short-wave infrared range using index matching assisted with phase imaging. Powder Technology, 438, 119621 (2024), doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2024.119621; Data from the refractiveindex.info database (M. N. Polyanskiy, Sci. Data 11, 94 (2024), doi:10.1038/s41597-023-02898-2)

Data

Computed on 400 wavelengths, the same grid as the API and the library

CSV comma separated TXT tab separated YAML n, k Full database record original YAML All quantities CSV JSON metadata

C12H24O12 (Lactose monohydrate), Juntunen et al. 2024: n 1.10–1.65 µm: n and k versus wavelength
λ (µm)	n
1.1	1.542247
1.10112	1.542234
1.10224	1.542221
1.10336	1.542208
1.10448	1.542195
1.1056	1.542182
1.10673	1.542169
1.10785	1.542156
1.10898	1.542143
1.11011	1.542131
1.11124	1.542118
1.11237	1.542105
1.1135	1.542092
1.11463	1.542079
1.11576	1.542067
1.1169	1.542054
1.11803	1.542041
1.11917	1.542029
1.12031	1.542016
1.12145	1.542004
1.12259	1.541991
1.12373	1.541979
1.12487	1.541966
1.12601	1.541954
1.12716	1.541941
1.1283	1.541929
1.12945	1.541916
1.1306	1.541904
1.13175	1.541892
1.1329	1.541879
1.13405	1.541867
1.1352	1.541855
1.13636	1.541843
1.13751	1.54183
1.13867	1.541818
1.13983	1.541806
1.14099	1.541794
1.14215	1.541782
1.14331	1.54177
1.14447	1.541758
1.14563	1.541746
1.1468	1.541734
1.14796	1.541722
1.14913	1.54171
1.1503	1.541698
1.15147	1.541686
1.15264	1.541674
1.15381	1.541662
1.15499	1.541651
1.15616	1.541639
1.15734	1.541627
1.15851	1.541615
1.15969	1.541604
1.16087	1.541592
1.16205	1.54158
1.16323	1.541569
1.16441	1.541557
1.1656	1.541545
1.16678	1.541534
1.16797	1.541522
1.16916	1.541511
1.17035	1.541499
1.17153	1.541488
1.17273	1.541476
1.17392	1.541465
1.17511	1.541453
1.17631	1.541442
1.1775	1.541431
1.1787	1.541419
1.1799	1.541408
1.1811	1.541397
1.1823	1.541386
1.1835	1.541374
1.1847	1.541363
1.18591	1.541352
1.18711	1.541341
1.18832	1.54133
1.18953	1.541319
1.19074	1.541308
1.19195	1.541297
1.19316	1.541286
1.19437	1.541275
1.19559	1.541264
1.1968	1.541253
1.19802	1.541242
1.19924	1.541231
1.20046	1.54122
1.20168	1.541209
1.2029	1.541198
1.20412	1.541187
1.20535	1.541176
1.20657	1.541166
1.2078	1.541155
1.20903	1.541144
1.21026	1.541134
1.21149	1.541123
1.21272	1.541112
1.21395	1.541102
1.21519	1.541091
1.21642	1.54108
1.21766	1.54107
1.2189	1.541059
1.22014	1.541049
1.22138	1.541038
1.22262	1.541028
1.22386	1.541017
1.22511	1.541007
1.22635	1.540996
1.2276	1.540986
1.22885	1.540976
1.2301	1.540965
1.23135	1.540955
1.2326	1.540945
1.23385	1.540934
1.23511	1.540924
1.23636	1.540914
1.23762	1.540904
1.23888	1.540893
1.24014	1.540883
1.2414	1.540873
1.24266	1.540863
1.24392	1.540853
1.24519	1.540843
1.24645	1.540833
1.24772	1.540823
1.24899	1.540813
1.25026	1.540803
1.25153	1.540793
1.2528	1.540783
1.25408	1.540773
1.25535	1.540763
1.25663	1.540753
1.25791	1.540743
1.25919	1.540733
1.26047	1.540723
1.26175	1.540714
1.26303	1.540704
1.26431	1.540694
1.2656	1.540684
1.26689	1.540675
1.26817	1.540665
1.26946	1.540655
1.27075	1.540645
1.27205	1.540636
1.27334	1.540626
1.27463	1.540617
1.27593	1.540607
1.27723	1.540597
1.27853	1.540588
1.27983	1.540578
1.28113	1.540569
1.28243	1.540559
1.28373	1.54055
1.28504	1.54054
1.28635	1.540531
1.28765	1.540522
1.28896	1.540512
1.29027	1.540503
1.29159	1.540494
1.2929	1.540484
1.29421	1.540475
1.29553	1.540466
1.29685	1.540456
1.29816	1.540447
1.29948	1.540438
1.30081	1.540429
1.30213	1.54042
1.30345	1.54041
1.30478	1.540401
1.3061	1.540392
1.30743	1.540383
1.30876	1.540374
1.31009	1.540365
1.31142	1.540356
1.31276	1.540347
1.31409	1.540338
1.31543	1.540329
1.31677	1.54032
1.3181	1.540311
1.31944	1.540302
1.32079	1.540293
1.32213	1.540284
1.32347	1.540275
1.32482	1.540266
1.32617	1.540257
1.32751	1.540249
1.32886	1.54024
1.33021	1.540231
1.33157	1.540222
1.33292	1.540213
1.33428	1.540205
1.33563	1.540196
1.33699	1.540187
1.33835	1.540179
1.33971	1.54017
1.34107	1.540161
1.34244	1.540153
1.3438	1.540144
1.34517	1.540136
1.34654	1.540127
1.3479	1.540118
1.34927	1.54011
1.35065	1.540101
1.35202	1.540093
1.35339	1.540084
1.35477	1.540076
1.35615	1.540067
1.35753	1.540059
1.35891	1.540051
1.36029	1.540042
1.36167	1.540034
1.36306	1.540026
1.36444	1.540017
1.36583	1.540009
1.36722	1.540001
1.36861	1.539992
1.37	1.539984
1.37139	1.539976
1.37279	1.539968
1.37418	1.539959
1.37558	1.539951
1.37698	1.539943
1.37838	1.539935
1.37978	1.539927
1.38118	1.539919
1.38259	1.53991
1.38399	1.539902
1.3854	1.539894
1.38681	1.539886
1.38822	1.539878
1.38963	1.53987
1.39104	1.539862
1.39246	1.539854
1.39387	1.539846
1.39529	1.539838
1.39671	1.53983
1.39813	1.539822
1.39955	1.539814
1.40097	1.539807
1.4024	1.539799
1.40382	1.539791
1.40525	1.539783
1.40668	1.539775
1.40811	1.539767
1.40954	1.53976
1.41097	1.539752
1.41241	1.539744
1.41384	1.539736
1.41528	1.539729
1.41672	1.539721
1.41816	1.539713
1.4196	1.539705
1.42105	1.539698
1.42249	1.53969
1.42394	1.539683
1.42539	1.539675
1.42683	1.539667
1.42828	1.53966
1.42974	1.539652
1.43119	1.539645
1.43265	1.539637
1.4341	1.53963
1.43556	1.539622
1.43702	1.539615
1.43848	1.539607
1.43994	1.5396
1.44141	1.539592
1.44287	1.539585
1.44434	1.539577
1.44581	1.53957
1.44728	1.539563
1.44875	1.539555
1.45022	1.539548
1.4517	1.539541
1.45317	1.539533
1.45465	1.539526
1.45613	1.539519
1.45761	1.539511
1.45909	1.539504
1.46058	1.539497
1.46206	1.53949
1.46355	1.539482
1.46504	1.539475
1.46653	1.539468
1.46802	1.539461
1.46951	1.539454
1.471	1.539447
1.4725	1.53944
1.474	1.539432
1.47549	1.539425
1.47699	1.539418
1.4785	1.539411
1.48	1.539404
1.4815	1.539397
1.48301	1.53939
1.48452	1.539383
1.48603	1.539376
1.48754	1.539369
1.48905	1.539362
1.49056	1.539355
1.49208	1.539348
1.4936	1.539341
1.49512	1.539335
1.49664	1.539328
1.49816	1.539321
1.49968	1.539314
1.50121	1.539307
1.50273	1.5393
1.50426	1.539293
1.50579	1.539287
1.50732	1.53928
1.50885	1.539273
1.51039	1.539266
1.51192	1.53926
1.51346	1.539253
1.515	1.539246
1.51654	1.539239
1.51808	1.539233
1.51962	1.539226
1.52117	1.539219
1.52272	1.539213
1.52426	1.539206
1.52581	1.5392
1.52736	1.539193
1.52892	1.539186
1.53047	1.53918
1.53203	1.539173
1.53359	1.539167
1.53515	1.53916
1.53671	1.539154
1.53827	1.539147
1.53983	1.539141
1.5414	1.539134
1.54296	1.539128
1.54453	1.539121
1.5461	1.539115
1.54768	1.539108
1.54925	1.539102
1.55082	1.539096
1.5524	1.539089
1.55398	1.539083
1.55556	1.539077
1.55714	1.53907
1.55872	1.539064
1.56031	1.539058
1.5619	1.539051
1.56348	1.539045
1.56507	1.539039
1.56666	1.539032
1.56826	1.539026
1.56985	1.53902
1.57145	1.539014
1.57305	1.539008
1.57465	1.539001
1.57625	1.538995
1.57785	1.538989
1.57945	1.538983
1.58106	1.538977
1.58267	1.538971
1.58428	1.538964
1.58589	1.538958
1.5875	1.538952
1.58911	1.538946
1.59073	1.53894
1.59235	1.538934
1.59396	1.538928
1.59559	1.538922
1.59721	1.538916
1.59883	1.53891
1.60046	1.538904
1.60208	1.538898
1.60371	1.538892
1.60534	1.538886
1.60698	1.53888
1.60861	1.538874
1.61025	1.538868
1.61188	1.538862
1.61352	1.538856
1.61516	1.53885
1.6168	1.538845
1.61845	1.538839
1.62009	1.538833
1.62174	1.538827
1.62339	1.538821
1.62504	1.538815
1.62669	1.53881
1.62835	1.538804
1.63	1.538798
1.63166	1.538792
1.63332	1.538787
1.63498	1.538781
1.63664	1.538775
1.6383	1.538769
1.63997	1.538764
1.64164	1.538758
1.64331	1.538752
1.64498	1.538747
1.64665	1.538741
1.64832	1.538735
1.65	1.53873

Optical transmission calculator

Free-standing sample in vacuum, normal incidence

Transmittance T: —
Reflectance R: —

Fresnel reflection calculator

R_p: —
R_s: —
R = (R_p+R_s)/2: —
Phase φ_p: —
Phase φ_s: —
Brewster angle θ_B: —
Critical angle θ_C: —

C₁₂H₂₄O₁₂ (Lactose monohydrate): all datasets

Juntunen et al. 2024: n 1.10–1.65 µm n 1.1–1.65 µm default

About C12H24O12 (Lactose monohydrate)

Lactose monohydrate is a carbohydrate and a derivative of lactose, where one molecule of lactose is chemically bound to a molecule of water. This compound is extensively utilized in the pharmaceutical and food industries as an excipient and a stabilizer for the formulation of tablets and capsules, as well as a filler in the manufacture of foods.

Lactose monohydrate - PubChem

More about C12H24O12 (Lactose monohydrate) →

Provenance

Version: 1 (snapshot c5c2f18)
Source page: refractiveindex.info
Original file: database/data/organic/C12H24O12 - lactose monohydrate/nk/Juntunen.yml
ID: ds_2da77265b7e4
API: /v1/datasets/ds_2da77265b7e4

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