Optical constants

Refractive index of CdS (Cadmium sulfide)

Bieniewski and Czyzak 1963: n(e) 0.51–1.4 µm

Data: formula 4
Range: 0.51–1.4 µm
Temperature: 198 K
Optical axis: e
Licence: CC0-1.0

Uniaxial crystal, axes: oe

Axis Log x Log y

Click the plot to set the calculator wavelength.

At one wavelength

Refractive index n: 2.52676
Extinction coefficient k: 0

Permittivity ε₁: 6.38451
Permittivity ε₂: 0

Absorption coefficient α: 0 cm⁻¹
Penetration depth δ = λ/(2πk): — nm

Abbe number V_d: —
Chromatic dispersion dn/dλ: -1.37007 µm⁻¹

Group index n_g: 3.33181
Group velocity dispersion: 5786.91 fs²/mm

Dispersion parameter D: -31570.6 ps/(nm·km)
Photon energy: 2.11001 eV

ε = (n + ik)², α = 4πk/λ, n_g = n − λ dn/dλ, GVD = λ³/(2πc²) d²n/dλ², D = −(λ/c) d²n/dλ². Group-velocity dispersion is given for formula data only.

Use it in Lightsmith

Load this data in Python, simulate in one more line

pip install lightsmith

import lightsmith as ls

# CdS (Cadmium sulfide): Bieniewski and Czyzak 1963: n(e) 0.51–1.4 µm
cds = ls.fetch_refractiveindex("main", "CdS", "Bieniewski-e", ref="c5c2f188e848453def5970e347399d653df2ffc2")
print(cds.range_nm)  # (510, 1400) nm
eps = cds.eps([633])  # complex permittivity

Downloads the original record once (pinned to the imported snapshot) and caches it.

import json, urllib.request
import lightsmith as ls

url = "https://materials.lightsmith.dev/v1/datasets/ds_6e9367ad7f6c/lightsmith"
cds = ls.Tabulated.model_validate(json.load(urllib.request.urlopen(url)))
print(cds.source)  # citation and provenance travel with the data

Any dataset here, as the library's Tabulated material (cds/bieniewski-czyzak-1963-e).

# ... load cds as above, then:
sim = ls.Simulation(
    particles=[ls.Particle(shape=ls.Sphere(radius_nm=50), material=cds)],
    medium_index=1.0,
    wavelengths=ls.WavelengthRange(start_nm=510, stop_nm=1000, num=81),
)
res = ls.solve(sim)  # exact Mie for a sphere
print(res.q_ext)     # extinction efficiency at each wavelength

Same spec runs with DDA, FDTD, BEM or T-matrix: ls.compare(sim, ["mie", "dda"]).

Materials guide Open a sphere of it in Studio Quick start Ask the community

Lightsmith is open source (MIT): Mie, T-matrix, BEM, DDA, FDTD, RCWA, TMM, mode solvers and inverse design behind one spec, on CPU or GPU. GitHub.

Dispersion formula

RefractiveIndex.INFO (formula 4), λ in µm

n^{2} = 5.2599 + \frac{0.20865 λ^{0.0}}{λ^{2} - {0.10799}^{1.0}} + \frac{0.027527 λ^{0.0}}{λ^{2} - {0.23305}^{1.0}}

Valid from 0.51 to 1.4 µm.

Coefficients as stored

C_i	Value
C1	5.2599
C2	0.20865
C3	0.0
C4	0.10799
C5	1.0
C6	0.027527
C7	0.0
C8	0.23305
C9	1.0

Comments and conditions

Extraordinary ray (e). 25 °C.

Conditions

temperature: 198 K
direction: e

References

1) T. M. Bieniewski and S. J. Czyzak. Refractive indexes of single hexagonal ZnS and CdS crystals. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 53, 496-497 (1963)
2) M. Sanchez Gomez, J. M. Guerra, and F. Vilches. Weighted nonlinear regression analysis of a Sellmeier expansion: comparison of several nonlinear fits of CdS dispersion. Appl. Opt. 24, 1147-1150 (1985) * Ref. 2 provides a dispersion formula based on data from ref. 1

doi:10.1364/josa.53.000496 Refractive Indexes of Single Hexagonal ZnS and CdS Crystals, Journal of the Optical Society of America (1963)
doi:10.1364/ao.24.001147 Weighted nonlinear regression analysis of a Sellmeier expansion: comparison of several nonlinear fits of CdS dispersion, Applied Optics (1985)

Cite

T. M. Bieniewski and S. J. Czyzak. Refractive Indexes of Single Hexagonal ZnS and CdS Crystals. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 53, 496 (1963), doi:10.1364/josa.53.000496; M. Sanchez Gomez, J. M. Guerra and F. Vilches. Weighted nonlinear regression analysis of a Sellmeier expansion: comparison of several nonlinear fits of CdS dispersion. Applied Optics, 24, 1147 (1985), doi:10.1364/ao.24.001147; Data from the refractiveindex.info database (M. N. Polyanskiy, Sci. Data 11, 94 (2024), doi:10.1038/s41597-023-02898-2)

Data

Computed on 400 wavelengths, the same grid as the API and the library

CSV comma separated TXT tab separated YAML n, k Full database record original YAML All quantities CSV JSON metadata

CdS (Cadmium sulfide), Bieniewski and Czyzak 1963: n(e) 0.51–1.4 µm: n and k versus wavelength
λ (µm)	n
0.51	2.765726
0.511292	2.755012
0.512588	2.745012
0.513887	2.735643
0.515189	2.726837
0.516495	2.718534
0.517804	2.710683
0.519116	2.703241
0.520431	2.696169
0.52175	2.689434
0.523072	2.683006
0.524398	2.676859
0.525727	2.670972
0.527059	2.665323
0.528394	2.659894
0.529733	2.654669
0.531076	2.649633
0.532422	2.644774
0.533771	2.64008
0.535123	2.635539
0.536479	2.631142
0.537839	2.626881
0.539202	2.622746
0.540568	2.618732
0.541938	2.61483
0.543311	2.611035
0.544688	2.607341
0.546068	2.603743
0.547452	2.600236
0.548839	2.596815
0.55023	2.593476
0.551625	2.590215
0.553022	2.58703
0.554424	2.583915
0.555829	2.580869
0.557237	2.577888
0.558649	2.57497
0.560065	2.572111
0.561484	2.56931
0.562907	2.566565
0.564334	2.563872
0.565764	2.561231
0.567197	2.558639
0.568635	2.556094
0.570076	2.553596
0.57152	2.551142
0.572968	2.54873
0.57442	2.54636
0.575876	2.544029
0.577335	2.541738
0.578798	2.539484
0.580265	2.537266
0.581736	2.535083
0.58321	2.532935
0.584688	2.530819
0.586169	2.528736
0.587655	2.526685
0.589144	2.524663
0.590637	2.522672
0.592133	2.520709
0.593634	2.518774
0.595138	2.516867
0.596646	2.514986
0.598158	2.513131
0.599674	2.511301
0.601194	2.509496
0.602717	2.507715
0.604245	2.505958
0.605776	2.504224
0.607311	2.502512
0.60885	2.500822
0.610393	2.499153
0.611939	2.497505
0.61349	2.495878
0.615045	2.494271
0.616603	2.492684
0.618166	2.491116
0.619732	2.489566
0.621303	2.488035
0.622877	2.486523
0.624456	2.485027
0.626038	2.48355
0.627624	2.482089
0.629215	2.480645
0.630809	2.479217
0.632408	2.477805
0.63401	2.476409
0.635617	2.475029
0.637228	2.473664
0.638843	2.472313
0.640461	2.470978
0.642084	2.469656
0.643712	2.468349
0.645343	2.467056
0.646978	2.465776
0.648618	2.46451
0.650261	2.463257
0.651909	2.462017
0.653561	2.46079
0.655217	2.459576
0.656878	2.458373
0.658542	2.457183
0.660211	2.456005
0.661884	2.454839
0.663561	2.453684
0.665243	2.45254
0.666929	2.451408
0.668619	2.450287
0.670313	2.449177
0.672012	2.448077
0.673714	2.446989
0.675422	2.44591
0.677133	2.444842
0.678849	2.443784
0.680569	2.442736
0.682294	2.441698
0.684023	2.440669
0.685756	2.43965
0.687494	2.438641
0.689236	2.43764
0.690983	2.436649
0.692734	2.435667
0.694489	2.434694
0.696249	2.43373
0.698014	2.432774
0.699782	2.431827
0.701556	2.430888
0.703333	2.429958
0.705116	2.429036
0.706903	2.428122
0.708694	2.427216
0.71049	2.426318
0.71229	2.425428
0.714095	2.424546
0.715905	2.423671
0.717719	2.422804
0.719538	2.421944
0.721361	2.421092
0.723189	2.420246
0.725022	2.419408
0.726859	2.418577
0.728701	2.417753
0.730547	2.416936
0.732399	2.416126
0.734255	2.415323
0.736115	2.414526
0.737981	2.413736
0.739851	2.412952
0.741726	2.412175
0.743605	2.411404
0.74549	2.410639
0.747379	2.409881
0.749273	2.409129
0.751171	2.408383
0.753075	2.407643
0.754983	2.406909
0.756896	2.40618
0.758814	2.405458
0.760737	2.404741
0.762665	2.40403
0.764598	2.403325
0.766535	2.402625
0.768478	2.401931
0.770425	2.401242
0.772377	2.400558
0.774335	2.39988
0.776297	2.399207
0.778264	2.39854
0.780236	2.397877
0.782213	2.39722
0.784196	2.396568
0.786183	2.395921
0.788175	2.395278
0.790172	2.394641
0.792175	2.394008
0.794182	2.39338
0.796195	2.392758
0.798212	2.392139
0.800235	2.391526
0.802263	2.390917
0.804296	2.390312
0.806334	2.389712
0.808377	2.389117
0.810426	2.388526
0.812479	2.387939
0.814538	2.387357
0.816602	2.386779
0.818672	2.386205
0.820746	2.385636
0.822826	2.38507
0.824911	2.384509
0.827002	2.383952
0.829097	2.383399
0.831198	2.38285
0.833305	2.382305
0.835416	2.381764
0.837533	2.381227
0.839656	2.380694
0.841783	2.380164
0.843917	2.379639
0.846055	2.379117
0.848199	2.378599
0.850349	2.378084
0.852503	2.377573
0.854664	2.377066
0.856829	2.376563
0.859001	2.376063
0.861178	2.375566
0.86336	2.375073
0.865548	2.374584
0.867741	2.374098
0.86994	2.373615
0.872144	2.373136
0.874354	2.37266
0.87657	2.372187
0.878791	2.371718
0.881018	2.371252
0.883251	2.370789
0.885489	2.37033
0.887733	2.369873
0.889983	2.36942
0.892238	2.36897
0.894499	2.368523
0.896766	2.368078
0.899038	2.367637
0.901316	2.367199
0.9036	2.366764
0.90589	2.366332
0.908186	2.365903
0.910487	2.365477
0.912794	2.365054
0.915107	2.364633
0.917426	2.364216
0.919751	2.363801
0.922082	2.363389
0.924419	2.36298
0.926761	2.362573
0.92911	2.362169
0.931464	2.361768
0.933824	2.36137
0.936191	2.360974
0.938563	2.360581
0.940942	2.360191
0.943326	2.359803
0.945716	2.359417
0.948113	2.359035
0.950516	2.358654
0.952924	2.358276
0.955339	2.357901
0.95776	2.357528
0.960187	2.357158
0.96262	2.35679
0.965059	2.356425
0.967505	2.356061
0.969957	2.355701
0.972415	2.355342
0.974879	2.354986
0.977349	2.354632
0.979826	2.354281
0.982309	2.353932
0.984798	2.353585
0.987294	2.35324
0.989796	2.352897
0.992304	2.352557
0.994818	2.352219
0.997339	2.351883
0.999867	2.351549
1.0024	2.351218
1.00494	2.350888
1.00749	2.350561
1.01004	2.350235
1.0126	2.349912
1.01517	2.349591
1.01774	2.349272
1.02032	2.348955
1.0229	2.34864
1.02549	2.348326
1.02809	2.348015
1.0307	2.347706
1.03331	2.347399
1.03593	2.347094
1.03855	2.34679
1.04119	2.346489
1.04382	2.346189
1.04647	2.345892
1.04912	2.345596
1.05178	2.345302
1.05445	2.34501
1.05712	2.344719
1.0598	2.344431
1.06248	2.344144
1.06517	2.343859
1.06787	2.343576
1.07058	2.343295
1.07329	2.343015
1.07601	2.342737
1.07874	2.342461
1.08147	2.342186
1.08421	2.341914
1.08696	2.341642
1.08971	2.341373
1.09248	2.341105
1.09524	2.340839
1.09802	2.340574
1.1008	2.340312
1.10359	2.34005
1.10639	2.339791
1.10919	2.339533
1.112	2.339276
1.11482	2.339021
1.11765	2.338768
1.12048	2.338516
1.12332	2.338266
1.12616	2.338017
1.12902	2.337769
1.13188	2.337524
1.13475	2.337279
1.13762	2.337036
1.14051	2.336795
1.1434	2.336555
1.14629	2.336317
1.1492	2.33608
1.15211	2.335844
1.15503	2.33561
1.15796	2.335377
1.16089	2.335146
1.16383	2.334916
1.16678	2.334687
1.16974	2.33446
1.1727	2.334234
1.17567	2.33401
1.17865	2.333786
1.18164	2.333565
1.18464	2.333344
1.18764	2.333125
1.19065	2.332907
1.19366	2.33269
1.19669	2.332475
1.19972	2.332261
1.20276	2.332048
1.20581	2.331837
1.20886	2.331626
1.21193	2.331417
1.215	2.33121
1.21808	2.331003
1.22116	2.330798
1.22426	2.330594
1.22736	2.330391
1.23047	2.330189
1.23359	2.329988
1.23672	2.329789
1.23985	2.329591
1.24299	2.329394
1.24614	2.329198
1.2493	2.329003
1.25247	2.32881
1.25564	2.328617
1.25882	2.328426
1.26201	2.328236
1.26521	2.328047
1.26842	2.327859
1.27163	2.327672
1.27485	2.327486
1.27808	2.327301
1.28132	2.327117
1.28457	2.326935
1.28782	2.326753
1.29109	2.326573
1.29436	2.326393
1.29764	2.326215
1.30093	2.326038
1.30422	2.325861
1.30753	2.325686
1.31084	2.325512
1.31416	2.325338
1.31749	2.325166
1.32083	2.324995
1.32418	2.324824
1.32754	2.324655
1.3309	2.324487
1.33427	2.324319
1.33765	2.324153
1.34104	2.323987
1.34444	2.323823
1.34785	2.323659
1.35126	2.323497
1.35469	2.323335
1.35812	2.323174
1.36156	2.323014
1.36501	2.322855
1.36847	2.322697
1.37194	2.32254
1.37542	2.322384
1.3789	2.322228
1.3824	2.322074
1.3859	2.32192
1.38941	2.321768
1.39293	2.321616
1.39646	2.321465
1.4	2.321315

Optical transmission calculator

Free-standing sample in vacuum, normal incidence

Transmittance T: —
Reflectance R: —

Fresnel reflection calculator

R_p: —
R_s: —
R = (R_p+R_s)/2: —
Phase φ_p: —
Phase φ_s: —
Brewster angle θ_B: —
Critical angle θ_C: —

CdS (Cadmium sulfide): all datasets

Experimental data

Models and simulations

About CdS (Cadmium sulfide)

Cadmium sulfide (CdS) is an inorganic compound with a hexagonal wurtzite structure or a cubic zincblende structure, depending on the conditions under which it is synthesized. This material has been widely studied for its semiconducting and optoelectronic properties, specifically its use in photodetectors, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes. With a direct bandgap that ranges from approximately 2.4 to 2.5 eV, CdS is highly transparent in the visible range and can absorb ultraviolet light, making it suitable for various optical applications. Its high electron mobility and good thermal stability further extend its utility in electronic devices. However, cadmium is a toxic element, which places constraints on the material's handling and environmental impact. Methods for synthesizing CdS include chemical vapor deposition, sputtering, and various solution-based approaches like sol-gel and hydrothermal methods. Despite the toxicity challenges, CdS remains a pivotal material in the realm of semiconductors and optoelectronics, and it continues to be a subject of extensive research to mitigate its environmental impact while leveraging its advantageous properties. Minerals: Greenockite, Hawleyite.

More about CdS (Cadmium sulfide) →

Provenance

Version: 1 (snapshot c5c2f18)
Source page: refractiveindex.info
Original file: database/data/main/CdS/nk/Bieniewski-e.yml
ID: ds_6e9367ad7f6c
API: /v1/datasets/ds_6e9367ad7f6c

Plot