Optical constants

Refractive index of C₇H₈ (Toluene)

Moutzouris et al. 2013: n 0.450–1.55 µm

Data: formula 3
Range: 0.45–1.551 µm
Temperature: 300 K
Licence: CC0-1.0

Axis Log x Log y

Click the plot to set the calculator wavelength.

At one wavelength

Refractive index n: 1.49211
Extinction coefficient k: 0

Permittivity ε₁: 2.22638
Permittivity ε₂: 0

Absorption coefficient α: 0 cm⁻¹
Penetration depth δ = λ/(2πk): — nm

Abbe number V_d: 31.307
Chromatic dispersion dn/dλ: -0.0788471 µm⁻¹

Group index n_g: 1.53844
Group velocity dispersion: 162.8 fs²/mm

Dispersion parameter D: -888.16 ps/(nm·km)
Photon energy: 2.11001 eV

ε = (n + ik)², α = 4πk/λ, n_g = n − λ dn/dλ, GVD = λ³/(2πc²) d²n/dλ², D = −(λ/c) d²n/dλ². Group-velocity dispersion is given for formula data only.

Use it in Lightsmith

Load this data in Python, simulate in one more line

pip install lightsmith

import lightsmith as ls

# C7H8 (Toluene): Moutzouris et al. 2013: n 0.450–1.55 µm
c7h8 = ls.fetch_refractiveindex("organic", "toluene", "Moutzouris", ref="c5c2f188e848453def5970e347399d653df2ffc2")
print(c7h8.range_nm)  # (450, 1551) nm
eps = c7h8.eps([633])  # complex permittivity

Downloads the original record once (pinned to the imported snapshot) and caches it.

import json, urllib.request
import lightsmith as ls

url = "https://materials.lightsmith.dev/v1/datasets/ds_0413c6218686/lightsmith"
c7h8 = ls.Tabulated.model_validate(json.load(urllib.request.urlopen(url)))
print(c7h8.source)  # citation and provenance travel with the data

Any dataset here, as the library's Tabulated material (toluene/moutzouris-2013).

# ... load c7h8 as above, then:
sim = ls.Simulation(
    particles=[ls.Particle(shape=ls.Sphere(radius_nm=50), material=c7h8)],
    medium_index=1.0,
    wavelengths=ls.WavelengthRange(start_nm=450, stop_nm=1000, num=81),
)
res = ls.solve(sim)  # exact Mie for a sphere
print(res.q_ext)     # extinction efficiency at each wavelength

Same spec runs with DDA, FDTD, BEM or T-matrix: ls.compare(sim, ["mie", "dda"]).

Materials guide Open a sphere of it in Studio Quick start Ask the community

Lightsmith is open source (MIT): Mie, T-matrix, BEM, DDA, FDTD, RCWA, TMM, mode solvers and inverse design behind one spec, on CPU or GPU. GitHub.

Dispersion formula

Polynomial (formula 3), λ in µm

n^{2} = 2.161659124 + 0.000495188 λ^{2.0} + 0.02138179 λ^{- 2.0} + 5.8838 \times 10^{-5} λ^{- 4.0} + 8.7632 \times 10^{-5} λ^{- 6.0}

Valid from 0.45 to 1.551 µm.

Coefficients as stored

C_i	Value
C1	2.161659124
C2	0.000495188
C3	2.0
C4	0.02138179
C5	-2.0
C6	5.8838e-05
C7	-4.0
C8	8.7632e-05
C9	-6.0

Comments and conditions

300 K (27 °C).

Conditions

temperature: 300 K

References

K. Moutzouris, M. Papamichael, S. C. Betsis, I. Stavrakas, G. Hloupis, D. Triantis. Refractive, dispersive and thermo-optic properties of twelve organic solvents in the visible and near-infrared. Appl. Phys. B 116, 617-622 (2013)

doi:10.1007/s00340-013-5744-3 Refractive, dispersive and thermo-optic properties of twelve organic solvents in the visible and near-infrared, Applied Physics B (2013)

Cite

Konstantinos Moutzouris et al.. Refractive, dispersive and thermo-optic properties of twelve organic solvents in the visible and near-infrared. Applied Physics B, 116, 617-622 (2013), doi:10.1007/s00340-013-5744-3; Data from the refractiveindex.info database (M. N. Polyanskiy, Sci. Data 11, 94 (2024), doi:10.1038/s41597-023-02898-2)

Data

Computed on 400 wavelengths, the same grid as the API and the library

CSV comma separated TXT tab separated YAML n, k Full database record original YAML All quantities CSV JSON metadata

C7H8 (Toluene), Moutzouris et al. 2013: n 0.450–1.55 µm: n and k versus wavelength
λ (µm)	n
0.45	1.509747
0.451398	1.509461
0.4528	1.509177
0.454206	1.508896
0.455617	1.508617
0.457032	1.508341
0.458452	1.508067
0.459876	1.507795
0.461304	1.507526
0.462737	1.507259
0.464174	1.506995
0.465616	1.506733
0.467062	1.506473
0.468513	1.506215
0.469968	1.50596
0.471428	1.505706
0.472892	1.505455
0.474361	1.505206
0.475835	1.50496
0.477313	1.504715
0.478795	1.504472
0.480282	1.504232
0.481774	1.503993
0.483271	1.503756
0.484772	1.503522
0.486277	1.503289
0.487788	1.503059
0.489303	1.50283
0.490823	1.502603
0.492347	1.502378
0.493877	1.502155
0.495411	1.501933
0.496949	1.501714
0.498493	1.501496
0.500041	1.50128
0.501595	1.501066
0.503153	1.500854
0.504715	1.500643
0.506283	1.500434
0.507856	1.500227
0.509433	1.500021
0.511015	1.499817
0.512603	1.499615
0.514195	1.499414
0.515792	1.499215
0.517394	1.499018
0.519001	1.498822
0.520613	1.498627
0.52223	1.498435
0.523852	1.498243
0.52548	1.498053
0.527112	1.497865
0.528749	1.497678
0.530391	1.497493
0.532039	1.497309
0.533691	1.497126
0.535349	1.496945
0.537012	1.496766
0.53868	1.496587
0.540353	1.49641
0.542031	1.496235
0.543715	1.496061
0.545404	1.495888
0.547098	1.495716
0.548797	1.495546
0.550502	1.495377
0.552212	1.49521
0.553927	1.495043
0.555647	1.494878
0.557373	1.494714
0.559105	1.494552
0.560841	1.49439
0.562583	1.49423
0.564331	1.494071
0.566084	1.493914
0.567842	1.493757
0.569606	1.493602
0.571375	1.493447
0.57315	1.493294
0.57493	1.493142
0.576716	1.492992
0.578507	1.492842
0.580304	1.492693
0.582106	1.492546
0.583914	1.492399
0.585728	1.492254
0.587547	1.49211
0.589372	1.491967
0.591203	1.491825
0.593039	1.491684
0.594881	1.491543
0.596729	1.491404
0.598583	1.491266
0.600442	1.491129
0.602307	1.490993
0.604178	1.490858
0.606054	1.490724
0.607937	1.490591
0.609825	1.490459
0.611719	1.490328
0.613619	1.490198
0.615525	1.490068
0.617437	1.48994
0.619355	1.489812
0.621279	1.489686
0.623209	1.48956
0.625144	1.489436
0.627086	1.489312
0.629034	1.489189
0.630988	1.489067
0.632948	1.488945
0.634914	1.488825
0.636886	1.488706
0.638864	1.488587
0.640848	1.488469
0.642839	1.488352
0.644835	1.488236
0.646838	1.48812
0.648847	1.488006
0.650863	1.487892
0.652885	1.487779
0.654912	1.487667
0.656947	1.487556
0.658987	1.487445
0.661034	1.487335
0.663087	1.487226
0.665147	1.487118
0.667213	1.48701
0.669285	1.486904
0.671364	1.486798
0.673449	1.486692
0.675541	1.486588
0.67764	1.486484
0.679744	1.486381
0.681856	1.486278
0.683974	1.486177
0.686098	1.486076
0.688229	1.485975
0.690367	1.485876
0.692511	1.485777
0.694662	1.485678
0.69682	1.485581
0.698984	1.485484
0.701155	1.485388
0.703333	1.485292
0.705518	1.485197
0.707709	1.485103
0.709907	1.485009
0.712112	1.484916
0.714324	1.484824
0.716543	1.484732
0.718769	1.484641
0.721001	1.48455
0.723241	1.48446
0.725487	1.484371
0.727741	1.484282
0.730001	1.484194
0.732269	1.484107
0.734543	1.48402
0.736825	1.483934
0.739113	1.483848
0.741409	1.483763
0.743712	1.483678
0.746022	1.483594
0.748339	1.483511
0.750664	1.483428
0.752995	1.483346
0.755334	1.483264
0.75768	1.483183
0.760034	1.483102
0.762394	1.483022
0.764762	1.482942
0.767138	1.482863
0.769521	1.482785
0.771911	1.482707
0.774308	1.482629
0.776713	1.482552
0.779126	1.482476
0.781546	1.4824
0.783974	1.482324
0.786409	1.482249
0.788851	1.482175
0.791302	1.482101
0.793759	1.482028
0.796225	1.481955
0.798698	1.481882
0.801179	1.48181
0.803667	1.481739
0.806164	1.481668
0.808668	1.481597
0.811179	1.481527
0.813699	1.481458
0.816226	1.481388
0.818762	1.48132
0.821305	1.481252
0.823856	1.481184
0.826415	1.481116
0.828982	1.48105
0.831557	1.480983
0.83414	1.480917
0.83673	1.480852
0.839329	1.480786
0.841936	1.480722
0.844552	1.480658
0.847175	1.480594
0.849806	1.48053
0.852446	1.480467
0.855094	1.480405
0.85775	1.480343
0.860414	1.480281
0.863086	1.480219
0.865767	1.480158
0.868456	1.480098
0.871154	1.480038
0.87386	1.479978
0.876574	1.479919
0.879297	1.47986
0.882028	1.479801
0.884768	1.479743
0.887516	1.479685
0.890272	1.479628
0.893038	1.479571
0.895811	1.479514
0.898594	1.479458
0.901385	1.479402
0.904185	1.479346
0.906993	1.479291
0.909811	1.479236
0.912636	1.479182
0.915471	1.479128
0.918315	1.479074
0.921167	1.479021
0.924028	1.478968
0.926898	1.478915
0.929777	1.478863
0.932665	1.478811
0.935562	1.478759
0.938468	1.478708
0.941383	1.478657
0.944307	1.478606
0.94724	1.478556
0.950183	1.478506
0.953134	1.478456
0.956094	1.478407
0.959064	1.478358
0.962043	1.478309
0.965031	1.478261
0.968029	1.478213
0.971036	1.478165
0.974052	1.478118
0.977077	1.478071
0.980112	1.478024
0.983156	1.477978
0.98621	1.477932
0.989273	1.477886
0.992346	1.47784
0.995428	1.477795
0.99852	1.47775
1.00162	1.477706
1.00473	1.477661
1.00785	1.477617
1.01098	1.477573
1.01412	1.47753
1.01727	1.477487
1.02043	1.477444
1.0236	1.477401
1.02678	1.477359
1.02997	1.477317
1.03317	1.477275
1.03638	1.477234
1.0396	1.477193
1.04283	1.477152
1.04607	1.477111
1.04932	1.477071
1.05258	1.477031
1.05585	1.476991
1.05913	1.476951
1.06242	1.476912
1.06572	1.476873
1.06903	1.476834
1.07235	1.476795
1.07568	1.476757
1.07902	1.476719
1.08237	1.476681
1.08573	1.476644
1.0891	1.476607
1.09249	1.47657
1.09588	1.476533
1.09928	1.476496
1.1027	1.47646
1.10612	1.476424
1.10956	1.476388
1.11301	1.476353
1.11646	1.476317
1.11993	1.476282
1.12341	1.476248
1.1269	1.476213
1.1304	1.476179
1.13391	1.476144
1.13743	1.476111
1.14096	1.476077
1.14451	1.476043
1.14806	1.47601
1.15163	1.475977
1.15521	1.475944
1.15879	1.475912
1.16239	1.47588
1.166	1.475848
1.16963	1.475816
1.17326	1.475784
1.1769	1.475753
1.18056	1.475721
1.18423	1.47569
1.1879	1.47566
1.19159	1.475629
1.1953	1.475599
1.19901	1.475568
1.20273	1.475538
1.20647	1.475509
1.21022	1.475479
1.21397	1.47545
1.21774	1.475421
1.22153	1.475392
1.22532	1.475363
1.22913	1.475334
1.23295	1.475306
1.23677	1.475278
1.24062	1.47525
1.24447	1.475222
1.24834	1.475195
1.25221	1.475167
1.2561	1.47514
1.26	1.475113
1.26392	1.475086
1.26784	1.47506
1.27178	1.475033
1.27573	1.475007
1.27969	1.474981
1.28367	1.474955
1.28766	1.474929
1.29166	1.474904
1.29567	1.474878
1.29969	1.474853
1.30373	1.474828
1.30778	1.474804
1.31184	1.474779
1.31592	1.474755
1.32	1.47473
1.3241	1.474706
1.32822	1.474682
1.33234	1.474658
1.33648	1.474635
1.34063	1.474612
1.34479	1.474588
1.34897	1.474565
1.35316	1.474542
1.35736	1.47452
1.36158	1.474497
1.36581	1.474475
1.37005	1.474452
1.37431	1.47443
1.37858	1.474408
1.38286	1.474387
1.38715	1.474365
1.39146	1.474344
1.39578	1.474322
1.40012	1.474301
1.40447	1.47428
1.40883	1.474259
1.41321	1.474239
1.4176	1.474218
1.422	1.474198
1.42642	1.474178
1.43085	1.474158
1.43529	1.474138
1.43975	1.474118
1.44422	1.474099
1.44871	1.474079
1.45321	1.47406
1.45772	1.474041
1.46225	1.474022
1.46679	1.474003
1.47135	1.473984
1.47592	1.473966
1.4805	1.473947
1.4851	1.473929
1.48971	1.473911
1.49434	1.473893
1.49898	1.473875
1.50364	1.473857
1.50831	1.47384
1.51299	1.473822
1.51769	1.473805
1.52241	1.473788
1.52714	1.473771
1.53188	1.473754
1.53664	1.473737
1.54141	1.47372
1.5462	1.473704
1.551	1.473688

Optical transmission calculator

Free-standing sample in vacuum, normal incidence

Transmittance T: —
Reflectance R: —

Fresnel reflection calculator

R_p: —
R_s: —
R = (R_p+R_s)/2: —
Phase φ_p: —
Phase φ_s: —
Brewster angle θ_B: —
Critical angle θ_C: —

C₇H₈ (Toluene): all datasets

About C7H8 (Toluene)

Toluene (C₇H₈) is a clear, colorless liquid with a distinctive, pungent odor reminiscent of paint thinners. It is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon, found at low concentrations in crude oil and is a major component of gasoline. Toluene is widely used as an industrial solvent for paints, coatings, adhesives, and other applications. Furthermore, it serves as an important precursor in the synthesis of a variety of chemicals, especially benzene, xylenes, and a range of polymers and resins. Due to its refractive qualities, it can be of interest in optical studies. While it has various industrial and chemical applications, toluene is also known to have neurotoxic effects and can be harmful if inhaled in large quantities. Proper care should be taken when working with this compound.

More about C7H8 (Toluene) →

Provenance

Version: 1 (snapshot c5c2f18)
Source page: refractiveindex.info
Original file: database/data/organic/C7H8 - toluene/nk/Moutzouris.yml
ID: ds_0413c6218686
API: /v1/datasets/ds_0413c6218686

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