Optical constants
Refractive index of H2O, D2O (Water, heavy water, ice)
Daimon and Masumura 2007: Water; n 0.18–1.13 µm; 24.0 °C
- Data
- formula 2
- Range
- 0.182–1.129 µm
- Temperature
- 297.15 K
- State
- liquid
- Licence
- CC0-1.0
- Lightsmith
- bundled
Plot
Click the plot to set the calculator wavelength.
At one wavelength
- Refractive index n
- 1.33302
- Extinction coefficient k
- 0
- Permittivity ε1
- 1.77693
- Permittivity ε2
- 0
- Absorption coefficient α
- 0 cm⁻¹
- Penetration depth δ = λ/(2πk)
- — nm
- Abbe number Vd
- 55.81
- Chromatic dispersion dn/dλ
- -0.0312648 µm⁻¹
- Group index ng
- 1.35139
- Group velocity dispersion
- 47.2696 fs²/mm
- Dispersion parameter D
- -257.881 ps/(nm·km)
- Photon energy
- 2.11001 eV
ε = (n + ik)², α = 4πk/λ, ng = n − λ dn/dλ, GVD = λ³/(2πc²) d²n/dλ², D = −(λ/c) d²n/dλ². Group-velocity dispersion is given for formula data only.
Use it in Lightsmith
Load this data in Python, simulate in one more line
pip install lightsmith
import lightsmith as ls
# H2O, D2O (Water, heavy water, ice): Daimon and Masumura 2007: Water; n 0.18–1.13 µm; 24.0 °C
h2o_d2o = ls.LibraryMaterial(name="H2O", dataset="Daimon-24C")
print(h2o_d2o.range_nm) # (182, 1129) nm
eps = h2o_d2o.eps([633]) # complex permittivity
Ships with the library: works offline.
import lightsmith as ls
# H2O, D2O (Water, heavy water, ice): Daimon and Masumura 2007: Water; n 0.18–1.13 µm; 24.0 °C
h2o_d2o = ls.fetch_refractiveindex("main", "H2O", "Daimon-24.0C", ref="c5c2f188e848453def5970e347399d653df2ffc2")
print(h2o_d2o.range_nm) # (182, 1129) nm
eps = h2o_d2o.eps([633]) # complex permittivity
Downloads the original record once (pinned to the imported snapshot) and caches it.
import json, urllib.request
import lightsmith as ls
url = "https://materials.lightsmith.dev/v1/datasets/ds_47d0e0913ba4/lightsmith"
h2o_d2o = ls.Tabulated.model_validate(json.load(urllib.request.urlopen(url)))
print(h2o_d2o.source) # citation and provenance travel with the data
Any dataset here, as the library's Tabulated material (h2o/daimon-masumura-2007-24-0c).
# ... load h2o_d2o as above, then:
sim = ls.Simulation(
particles=[ls.Particle(shape=ls.Sphere(radius_nm=50), material=h2o_d2o)],
medium_index=1.0,
wavelengths=ls.WavelengthRange(start_nm=400, stop_nm=1000, num=81),
)
res = ls.solve(sim) # exact Mie for a sphere
print(res.q_ext) # extinction efficiency at each wavelength
Same spec runs with DDA, FDTD, BEM or T-matrix: ls.compare(sim, ["mie", "dda"]).
import json, urllib.request
import lightsmith as ls
url = "https://materials.lightsmith.dev/v1/datasets/ds_47d0e0913ba4/lightsmith?model=drude_lorentz"
h2o_d2o_dl = ls.DrudeLorentz.model_validate(json.load(urllib.request.urlopen(url)))
A dispersive Drude–Lorentz model for time-domain solvers.
Lightsmith is open source (MIT): Mie, T-matrix, BEM, DDA, FDTD, RCWA, TMM, mode solvers and inverse design behind one spec, on CPU or GPU. GitHub.
Dispersion formula
Sellmeier (C in µm²) (formula 2), λ in µmValid from 0.182 to 1.129 µm.
Coefficients as stored
| Ci | Value |
|---|---|
| C1 | 0.0 |
| C2 | 0.566695982 |
| C3 | 0.005084151894 |
| C4 | 0.1731900098 |
| C5 | 0.01818488474 |
| C6 | 0.02095951857 |
| C7 | 0.02625439472 |
| C8 | 0.1125228406 |
| C9 | 10.73842352 |
Comments and conditions
Conditions
- temperature
- 297.15 K
References
- doi:10.1364/ao.46.003811 Measurement of the refractive index of distilled water from the near-infrared region to the ultraviolet region, Applied Optics (2007)
Cite
Masahiko Daimon and Akira Masumura. Measurement of the refractive index of distilled water from the near-infrared region to the ultraviolet region. Applied Optics, 46, 3811 (2007), doi:10.1364/ao.46.003811; Data from the refractiveindex.info database (M. N. Polyanskiy, Sci. Data 11, 94 (2024), doi:10.1038/s41597-023-02898-2)
Data
Computed on 400 wavelengths, the same grid as the API and the library| λ (µm) | n |
|---|---|
| 0.182 | 1.46771 |
| 0.182834 | 1.464738 |
| 0.183673 | 1.461893 |
| 0.184515 | 1.459166 |
| 0.185361 | 1.456548 |
| 0.18621 | 1.45403 |
| 0.187064 | 1.451605 |
| 0.187922 | 1.449267 |
| 0.188783 | 1.447011 |
| 0.189649 | 1.444831 |
| 0.190518 | 1.442722 |
| 0.191392 | 1.440681 |
| 0.192269 | 1.438703 |
| 0.193151 | 1.436786 |
| 0.194036 | 1.434925 |
| 0.194926 | 1.433118 |
| 0.195819 | 1.431362 |
| 0.196717 | 1.429654 |
| 0.197619 | 1.427994 |
| 0.198525 | 1.426377 |
| 0.199435 | 1.424802 |
| 0.20035 | 1.423268 |
| 0.201268 | 1.421772 |
| 0.202191 | 1.420313 |
| 0.203118 | 1.418889 |
| 0.204049 | 1.4175 |
| 0.204984 | 1.416143 |
| 0.205924 | 1.414817 |
| 0.206868 | 1.413522 |
| 0.207817 | 1.412255 |
| 0.20877 | 1.411017 |
| 0.209727 | 1.409805 |
| 0.210688 | 1.40862 |
| 0.211654 | 1.40746 |
| 0.212624 | 1.406324 |
| 0.213599 | 1.405212 |
| 0.214578 | 1.404122 |
| 0.215562 | 1.403054 |
| 0.216551 | 1.402008 |
| 0.217543 | 1.400982 |
| 0.218541 | 1.399976 |
| 0.219543 | 1.39899 |
| 0.220549 | 1.398022 |
| 0.22156 | 1.397072 |
| 0.222576 | 1.396141 |
| 0.223596 | 1.395226 |
| 0.224622 | 1.394329 |
| 0.225651 | 1.393447 |
| 0.226686 | 1.392581 |
| 0.227725 | 1.391731 |
| 0.228769 | 1.390896 |
| 0.229818 | 1.390075 |
| 0.230872 | 1.389269 |
| 0.23193 | 1.388476 |
| 0.232993 | 1.387697 |
| 0.234062 | 1.386931 |
| 0.235135 | 1.386177 |
| 0.236213 | 1.385437 |
| 0.237296 | 1.384708 |
| 0.238384 | 1.383991 |
| 0.239476 | 1.383286 |
| 0.240574 | 1.382593 |
| 0.241677 | 1.38191 |
| 0.242785 | 1.381238 |
| 0.243898 | 1.380577 |
| 0.245017 | 1.379926 |
| 0.24614 | 1.379285 |
| 0.247268 | 1.378654 |
| 0.248402 | 1.378033 |
| 0.249541 | 1.377421 |
| 0.250685 | 1.376819 |
| 0.251834 | 1.376225 |
| 0.252989 | 1.37564 |
| 0.254148 | 1.375064 |
| 0.255314 | 1.374497 |
| 0.256484 | 1.373937 |
| 0.25766 | 1.373386 |
| 0.258841 | 1.372843 |
| 0.260028 | 1.372308 |
| 0.26122 | 1.37178 |
| 0.262418 | 1.37126 |
| 0.263621 | 1.370747 |
| 0.264829 | 1.370242 |
| 0.266044 | 1.369743 |
| 0.267263 | 1.369252 |
| 0.268489 | 1.368767 |
| 0.269719 | 1.368289 |
| 0.270956 | 1.367817 |
| 0.272198 | 1.367352 |
| 0.273446 | 1.366893 |
| 0.2747 | 1.366441 |
| 0.275959 | 1.365994 |
| 0.277224 | 1.365554 |
| 0.278495 | 1.365119 |
| 0.279772 | 1.36469 |
| 0.281055 | 1.364267 |
| 0.282343 | 1.363849 |
| 0.283638 | 1.363437 |
| 0.284938 | 1.36303 |
| 0.286244 | 1.362628 |
| 0.287557 | 1.362232 |
| 0.288875 | 1.36184 |
| 0.2902 | 1.361454 |
| 0.29153 | 1.361072 |
| 0.292867 | 1.360696 |
| 0.294209 | 1.360324 |
| 0.295558 | 1.359956 |
| 0.296913 | 1.359594 |
| 0.298274 | 1.359236 |
| 0.299642 | 1.358882 |
| 0.301016 | 1.358533 |
| 0.302396 | 1.358188 |
| 0.303782 | 1.357847 |
| 0.305175 | 1.35751 |
| 0.306574 | 1.357178 |
| 0.307979 | 1.356849 |
| 0.309391 | 1.356525 |
| 0.31081 | 1.356204 |
| 0.312235 | 1.355888 |
| 0.313666 | 1.355575 |
| 0.315104 | 1.355265 |
| 0.316549 | 1.35496 |
| 0.318 | 1.354658 |
| 0.319458 | 1.35436 |
| 0.320923 | 1.354065 |
| 0.322394 | 1.353773 |
| 0.323872 | 1.353485 |
| 0.325357 | 1.353201 |
| 0.326848 | 1.352919 |
| 0.328347 | 1.352641 |
| 0.329852 | 1.352366 |
| 0.331364 | 1.352094 |
| 0.332884 | 1.351826 |
| 0.33441 | 1.35156 |
| 0.335943 | 1.351297 |
| 0.337483 | 1.351038 |
| 0.33903 | 1.350781 |
| 0.340585 | 1.350527 |
| 0.342146 | 1.350276 |
| 0.343715 | 1.350028 |
| 0.34529 | 1.349783 |
| 0.346873 | 1.34954 |
| 0.348464 | 1.3493 |
| 0.350061 | 1.349063 |
| 0.351666 | 1.348828 |
| 0.353278 | 1.348596 |
| 0.354898 | 1.348366 |
| 0.356525 | 1.348139 |
| 0.35816 | 1.347914 |
| 0.359802 | 1.347692 |
| 0.361451 | 1.347472 |
| 0.363108 | 1.347255 |
| 0.364773 | 1.34704 |
| 0.366445 | 1.346827 |
| 0.368125 | 1.346616 |
| 0.369813 | 1.346408 |
| 0.371509 | 1.346202 |
| 0.373212 | 1.345998 |
| 0.374923 | 1.345796 |
| 0.376642 | 1.345596 |
| 0.378369 | 1.345399 |
| 0.380103 | 1.345203 |
| 0.381846 | 1.34501 |
| 0.383596 | 1.344818 |
| 0.385355 | 1.344629 |
| 0.387122 | 1.344441 |
| 0.388897 | 1.344256 |
| 0.39068 | 1.344072 |
| 0.392471 | 1.34389 |
| 0.39427 | 1.34371 |
| 0.396078 | 1.343532 |
| 0.397893 | 1.343356 |
| 0.399718 | 1.343181 |
| 0.40155 | 1.343009 |
| 0.403391 | 1.342838 |
| 0.405241 | 1.342668 |
| 0.407098 | 1.342501 |
| 0.408965 | 1.342335 |
| 0.41084 | 1.34217 |
| 0.412723 | 1.342008 |
| 0.414615 | 1.341846 |
| 0.416516 | 1.341687 |
| 0.418426 | 1.341529 |
| 0.420344 | 1.341373 |
| 0.422271 | 1.341218 |
| 0.424207 | 1.341064 |
| 0.426152 | 1.340912 |
| 0.428106 | 1.340762 |
| 0.430069 | 1.340613 |
| 0.43204 | 1.340465 |
| 0.434021 | 1.340319 |
| 0.436011 | 1.340174 |
| 0.43801 | 1.340031 |
| 0.440018 | 1.339889 |
| 0.442035 | 1.339748 |
| 0.444062 | 1.339609 |
| 0.446098 | 1.339471 |
| 0.448143 | 1.339334 |
| 0.450197 | 1.339198 |
| 0.452261 | 1.339064 |
| 0.454335 | 1.338931 |
| 0.456418 | 1.338799 |
| 0.45851 | 1.338668 |
| 0.460612 | 1.338539 |
| 0.462724 | 1.338411 |
| 0.464845 | 1.338284 |
| 0.466977 | 1.338158 |
| 0.469117 | 1.338033 |
| 0.471268 | 1.337909 |
| 0.473429 | 1.337787 |
| 0.475599 | 1.337665 |
| 0.47778 | 1.337545 |
| 0.47997 | 1.337425 |
| 0.482171 | 1.337307 |
| 0.484381 | 1.33719 |
| 0.486602 | 1.337073 |
| 0.488833 | 1.336958 |
| 0.491074 | 1.336844 |
| 0.493325 | 1.33673 |
| 0.495587 | 1.336618 |
| 0.497859 | 1.336507 |
| 0.500142 | 1.336396 |
| 0.502434 | 1.336287 |
| 0.504738 | 1.336178 |
| 0.507052 | 1.33607 |
| 0.509377 | 1.335963 |
| 0.511712 | 1.335857 |
| 0.514058 | 1.335752 |
| 0.516415 | 1.335648 |
| 0.518782 | 1.335545 |
| 0.521161 | 1.335442 |
| 0.52355 | 1.335341 |
| 0.52595 | 1.33524 |
| 0.528362 | 1.33514 |
| 0.530784 | 1.33504 |
| 0.533217 | 1.334942 |
| 0.535662 | 1.334844 |
| 0.538118 | 1.334747 |
| 0.540585 | 1.334651 |
| 0.543063 | 1.334555 |
| 0.545553 | 1.33446 |
| 0.548054 | 1.334366 |
| 0.550567 | 1.334273 |
| 0.553091 | 1.33418 |
| 0.555626 | 1.334088 |
| 0.558174 | 1.333997 |
| 0.560733 | 1.333907 |
| 0.563304 | 1.333817 |
| 0.565886 | 1.333727 |
| 0.56848 | 1.333639 |
| 0.571087 | 1.333551 |
| 0.573705 | 1.333463 |
| 0.576335 | 1.333376 |
| 0.578977 | 1.33329 |
| 0.581632 | 1.333204 |
| 0.584298 | 1.333119 |
| 0.586977 | 1.333035 |
| 0.589668 | 1.332951 |
| 0.592372 | 1.332868 |
| 0.595087 | 1.332785 |
| 0.597816 | 1.332703 |
| 0.600556 | 1.332621 |
| 0.60331 | 1.33254 |
| 0.606076 | 1.332459 |
| 0.608854 | 1.332379 |
| 0.611646 | 1.332299 |
| 0.61445 | 1.33222 |
| 0.617267 | 1.332142 |
| 0.620097 | 1.332063 |
| 0.62294 | 1.331986 |
| 0.625796 | 1.331908 |
| 0.628665 | 1.331832 |
| 0.631547 | 1.331755 |
| 0.634442 | 1.331679 |
| 0.637351 | 1.331604 |
| 0.640273 | 1.331529 |
| 0.643208 | 1.331454 |
| 0.646157 | 1.33138 |
| 0.64912 | 1.331306 |
| 0.652096 | 1.331233 |
| 0.655085 | 1.331159 |
| 0.658088 | 1.331087 |
| 0.661106 | 1.331014 |
| 0.664136 | 1.330942 |
| 0.667181 | 1.330871 |
| 0.67024 | 1.3308 |
| 0.673313 | 1.330729 |
| 0.6764 | 1.330658 |
| 0.679501 | 1.330588 |
| 0.682616 | 1.330518 |
| 0.685746 | 1.330448 |
| 0.688889 | 1.330379 |
| 0.692048 | 1.33031 |
| 0.69522 | 1.330241 |
| 0.698408 | 1.330173 |
| 0.70161 | 1.330104 |
| 0.704826 | 1.330037 |
| 0.708058 | 1.329969 |
| 0.711304 | 1.329902 |
| 0.714565 | 1.329834 |
| 0.717841 | 1.329767 |
| 0.721132 | 1.329701 |
| 0.724438 | 1.329634 |
| 0.727759 | 1.329568 |
| 0.731096 | 1.329502 |
| 0.734448 | 1.329436 |
| 0.737815 | 1.329371 |
| 0.741197 | 1.329305 |
| 0.744595 | 1.32924 |
| 0.748009 | 1.329175 |
| 0.751438 | 1.32911 |
| 0.754884 | 1.329046 |
| 0.758344 | 1.328981 |
| 0.761821 | 1.328917 |
| 0.765314 | 1.328853 |
| 0.768822 | 1.328789 |
| 0.772347 | 1.328725 |
| 0.775888 | 1.328661 |
| 0.779445 | 1.328597 |
| 0.783019 | 1.328534 |
| 0.786609 | 1.32847 |
| 0.790215 | 1.328407 |
| 0.793838 | 1.328344 |
| 0.797477 | 1.328281 |
| 0.801133 | 1.328218 |
| 0.804806 | 1.328155 |
| 0.808496 | 1.328092 |
| 0.812202 | 1.328029 |
| 0.815926 | 1.327966 |
| 0.819667 | 1.327903 |
| 0.823425 | 1.327841 |
| 0.8272 | 1.327778 |
| 0.830992 | 1.327715 |
| 0.834802 | 1.327653 |
| 0.838629 | 1.32759 |
| 0.842474 | 1.327528 |
| 0.846336 | 1.327465 |
| 0.850217 | 1.327403 |
| 0.854114 | 1.32734 |
| 0.85803 | 1.327277 |
| 0.861964 | 1.327215 |
| 0.865916 | 1.327152 |
| 0.869886 | 1.327089 |
| 0.873874 | 1.327027 |
| 0.87788 | 1.326964 |
| 0.881905 | 1.326901 |
| 0.885948 | 1.326838 |
| 0.89001 | 1.326775 |
| 0.89409 | 1.326712 |
| 0.898189 | 1.326649 |
| 0.902307 | 1.326586 |
| 0.906444 | 1.326523 |
| 0.910599 | 1.326459 |
| 0.914774 | 1.326396 |
| 0.918968 | 1.326332 |
| 0.923181 | 1.326269 |
| 0.927414 | 1.326205 |
| 0.931665 | 1.326141 |
| 0.935937 | 1.326076 |
| 0.940228 | 1.326012 |
| 0.944538 | 1.325948 |
| 0.948869 | 1.325883 |
| 0.953219 | 1.325818 |
| 0.957589 | 1.325753 |
| 0.961979 | 1.325688 |
| 0.966389 | 1.325622 |
| 0.97082 | 1.325557 |
| 0.975271 | 1.325491 |
| 0.979742 | 1.325425 |
| 0.984234 | 1.325359 |
| 0.988746 | 1.325292 |
| 0.993279 | 1.325225 |
| 0.997833 | 1.325158 |
| 1.00241 | 1.325091 |
| 1.007 | 1.325023 |
| 1.01162 | 1.324955 |
| 1.01626 | 1.324887 |
| 1.02092 | 1.324819 |
| 1.0256 | 1.32475 |
| 1.0303 | 1.324681 |
| 1.03502 | 1.324612 |
| 1.03977 | 1.324542 |
| 1.04454 | 1.324472 |
| 1.04932 | 1.324401 |
| 1.05413 | 1.32433 |
| 1.05897 | 1.324259 |
| 1.06382 | 1.324188 |
| 1.0687 | 1.324116 |
| 1.0736 | 1.324043 |
| 1.07852 | 1.323971 |
| 1.08347 | 1.323898 |
| 1.08843 | 1.323824 |
| 1.09342 | 1.32375 |
| 1.09844 | 1.323675 |
| 1.10347 | 1.3236 |
| 1.10853 | 1.323525 |
| 1.11361 | 1.323449 |
| 1.11872 | 1.323373 |
| 1.12385 | 1.323296 |
| 1.129 | 1.323218 |
Optical transmission calculator
Free-standing sample in vacuum, normal incidence- Transmittance T
- —
- Reflectance R
- —
Fresnel reflection calculator
- Rp
- —
- Rs
- —
- R = (Rp+Rs)/2
- —
- Phase φp
- —
- Phase φs
- —
- Brewster angle θB
- —
- Critical angle θC
- —
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) distilled water at 24.0 °C.