Optical constants
Refractive index of H2O, D2O (Water, heavy water, ice)
Hale and Querry 1973: Water; n,k 0.2–200 µm; 25 °C
- Data
- tabulated nk
- Range
- 0.2–200 µm
- Points
- 169
- Temperature
- 298 K
- State
- liquid
- Licence
- CC0-1.0
- Lightsmith
- bundled, default
Plot
Click the plot to set the calculator wavelength.
At one wavelength
- Refractive index n
- 1.3325
- Extinction coefficient k
- 7.27920e-09
- Permittivity ε1
- 1.77555
- Permittivity ε2
- 1.93990e-08
- Absorption coefficient α
- 0.00155672 cm⁻¹
- Penetration depth δ = λ/(2πk)
- 1.28475e+10 nm
- Abbe number Vd
- —
- Chromatic dispersion dn/dλ
- -0.04 µm⁻¹
- Group index ng
- 1.356
- Group velocity dispersion
- — fs²/mm
- Dispersion parameter D
- — ps/(nm·km)
- Photon energy
- 2.11001 eV
ε = (n + ik)², α = 4πk/λ, ng = n − λ dn/dλ, GVD = λ³/(2πc²) d²n/dλ², D = −(λ/c) d²n/dλ². Group-velocity dispersion is given for formula data only.
Use it in Lightsmith
Load this data in Python, simulate in one more line
pip install lightsmith
import lightsmith as ls
# H2O, D2O (Water, heavy water, ice): Hale and Querry 1973: Water; n,k 0.2–200 µm; 25 °C
h2o_d2o = ls.LibraryMaterial(name="H2O", dataset="Hale-Querry")
print(h2o_d2o.range_nm) # (200, 200000) nm
eps = h2o_d2o.eps([633]) # complex permittivity
Ships with the library: works offline and is the library's own default dataset choice.
import lightsmith as ls
# H2O, D2O (Water, heavy water, ice): Hale and Querry 1973: Water; n,k 0.2–200 µm; 25 °C
h2o_d2o = ls.fetch_refractiveindex("main", "H2O", "Hale", ref="c5c2f188e848453def5970e347399d653df2ffc2")
print(h2o_d2o.range_nm) # (200, 200000) nm
eps = h2o_d2o.eps([633]) # complex permittivity
Downloads the original record once (pinned to the imported snapshot) and caches it.
import json, urllib.request
import lightsmith as ls
url = "https://materials.lightsmith.dev/v1/datasets/ds_9e4a73518724/lightsmith"
h2o_d2o = ls.Tabulated.model_validate(json.load(urllib.request.urlopen(url)))
print(h2o_d2o.source) # citation and provenance travel with the data
Any dataset here, as the library's Tabulated material (h2o/hale-querry-1973).
# ... load h2o_d2o as above, then:
sim = ls.Simulation(
particles=[ls.Particle(shape=ls.Sphere(radius_nm=50), material=h2o_d2o)],
medium_index=1.0,
wavelengths=ls.WavelengthRange(start_nm=400, stop_nm=1000, num=81),
)
res = ls.solve(sim) # exact Mie for a sphere
print(res.q_ext) # extinction efficiency at each wavelength
Same spec runs with DDA, FDTD, BEM or T-matrix: ls.compare(sim, ["mie", "dda"]).
Lightsmith is open source (MIT): Mie, T-matrix, BEM, DDA, FDTD, RCWA, TMM, mode solvers and inverse design behind one spec, on CPU or GPU. GitHub.
Comments and conditions
Conditions
- temperature
- 298 K
References
See also Segelstein 1981 for more recent data from the same group.
- doi:10.1364/ao.12.000555 Optical Constants of Water in the 200-nm to 200-μm Wavelength Region, Applied Optics (1973)
Cite
George M. Hale and Marvin R. Querry. Optical Constants of Water in the 200-nm to 200-μm Wavelength Region. Applied Optics, 12, 555 (1973), doi:10.1364/ao.12.000555; See also Segelstein 1981 for more recent data from the same group.; Data from the refractiveindex.info database (M. N. Polyanskiy, Sci. Data 11, 94 (2024), doi:10.1038/s41597-023-02898-2)
Data
169 rows as published| λ (µm) | n | k |
|---|---|---|
| 0.2 | 1.396 | 1.1e-07 |
| 0.225 | 1.373 | 4.9e-08 |
| 0.25 | 1.362 | 3.35e-08 |
| 0.275 | 1.354 | 2.35e-08 |
| 0.3 | 1.349 | 1.6e-08 |
| 0.325 | 1.346 | 1.08e-08 |
| 0.35 | 1.343 | 6.5e-09 |
| 0.375 | 1.341 | 3.5e-09 |
| 0.4 | 1.339 | 1.86e-09 |
| 0.425 | 1.338 | 1.3e-09 |
| 0.45 | 1.337 | 1.02e-09 |
| 0.475 | 1.336 | 9.35e-10 |
| 0.5 | 1.335 | 1e-09 |
| 0.525 | 1.334 | 1.32e-09 |
| 0.55 | 1.333 | 1.96e-09 |
| 0.575 | 1.333 | 3.6e-09 |
| 0.6 | 1.332 | 1.09e-08 |
| 0.625 | 1.332 | 1.39e-08 |
| 0.65 | 1.331 | 1.64e-08 |
| 0.675 | 1.331 | 2.23e-08 |
| 0.7 | 1.331 | 3.35e-08 |
| 0.725 | 1.33 | 9.15e-08 |
| 0.75 | 1.33 | 1.56e-07 |
| 0.775 | 1.33 | 1.48e-07 |
| 0.8 | 1.329 | 1.25e-07 |
| 0.825 | 1.329 | 1.82e-07 |
| 0.85 | 1.329 | 2.93e-07 |
| 0.875 | 1.328 | 3.91e-07 |
| 0.9 | 1.328 | 4.86e-07 |
| 0.925 | 1.328 | 1.06e-06 |
| 0.95 | 1.327 | 2.93e-06 |
| 0.975 | 1.327 | 3.48e-06 |
| 1.0 | 1.327 | 2.89e-06 |
| 1.2 | 1.324 | 9.89e-06 |
| 1.4 | 1.321 | 0.000138 |
| 1.6 | 1.317 | 8.55e-05 |
| 1.8 | 1.312 | 0.000115 |
| 2.0 | 1.306 | 0.0011 |
| 2.2 | 1.296 | 0.000289 |
| 2.4 | 1.279 | 0.000956 |
| 2.6 | 1.242 | 0.00317 |
| 2.65 | 1.219 | 0.0067 |
| 2.7 | 1.188 | 0.019 |
| 2.75 | 1.157 | 0.059 |
| 2.8 | 1.142 | 0.115 |
| 2.85 | 1.149 | 0.185 |
| 2.9 | 1.201 | 0.268 |
| 2.95 | 1.292 | 0.298 |
| 3.0 | 1.371 | 0.272 |
| 3.05 | 1.426 | 0.24 |
| 3.1 | 1.467 | 0.192 |
| 3.15 | 1.483 | 0.135 |
| 3.2 | 1.478 | 0.0924 |
| 3.25 | 1.467 | 0.061 |
| 3.3 | 1.45 | 0.0368 |
| 3.35 | 1.432 | 0.0261 |
| 3.4 | 1.42 | 0.0195 |
| 3.45 | 1.41 | 0.0132 |
| 3.5 | 1.4 | 0.0094 |
| 3.6 | 1.385 | 0.00515 |
| 3.7 | 1.374 | 0.0036 |
| 3.8 | 1.364 | 0.0034 |
| 3.9 | 1.357 | 0.0038 |
| 4.0 | 1.351 | 0.0046 |
| 4.1 | 1.346 | 0.00562 |
| 4.2 | 1.342 | 0.00688 |
| 4.3 | 1.338 | 0.00845 |
| 4.4 | 1.334 | 0.0103 |
| 4.5 | 1.332 | 0.0134 |
| 4.6 | 1.33 | 0.0147 |
| 4.7 | 1.33 | 0.0157 |
| 4.8 | 1.33 | 0.015 |
| 4.9 | 1.328 | 0.0137 |
| 5.0 | 1.325 | 0.0124 |
| 5.1 | 1.322 | 0.0111 |
| 5.2 | 1.317 | 0.0101 |
| 5.3 | 1.312 | 0.0098 |
| 5.4 | 1.305 | 0.0103 |
| 5.5 | 1.298 | 0.0116 |
| 5.6 | 1.289 | 0.0142 |
| 5.7 | 1.277 | 0.0203 |
| 5.8 | 1.262 | 0.033 |
| 5.9 | 1.248 | 0.0622 |
| 6.0 | 1.265 | 0.107 |
| 6.1 | 1.319 | 0.131 |
| 6.2 | 1.363 | 0.088 |
| 6.3 | 1.357 | 0.057 |
| 6.4 | 1.347 | 0.0449 |
| 6.5 | 1.339 | 0.0392 |
| 6.6 | 1.334 | 0.0356 |
| 6.7 | 1.329 | 0.0337 |
| 6.8 | 1.324 | 0.0327 |
| 6.9 | 1.321 | 0.0322 |
| 7.0 | 1.317 | 0.032 |
| 7.1 | 1.314 | 0.032 |
| 7.2 | 1.312 | 0.0321 |
| 7.3 | 1.309 | 0.0322 |
| 7.4 | 1.307 | 0.0324 |
| 7.5 | 1.304 | 0.0326 |
| 7.6 | 1.302 | 0.0328 |
| 7.7 | 1.299 | 0.0331 |
| 7.8 | 1.297 | 0.0335 |
| 7.9 | 1.294 | 0.0339 |
| 8.0 | 1.291 | 0.0343 |
| 8.2 | 1.286 | 0.0351 |
| 8.4 | 1.281 | 0.0361 |
| 8.6 | 1.275 | 0.0372 |
| 8.8 | 1.269 | 0.0385 |
| 9.0 | 1.262 | 0.0399 |
| 9.2 | 1.255 | 0.0415 |
| 9.4 | 1.247 | 0.0433 |
| 9.6 | 1.239 | 0.0454 |
| 9.8 | 1.229 | 0.0479 |
| 10.0 | 1.218 | 0.0508 |
| 10.5 | 1.185 | 0.0662 |
| 11.0 | 1.153 | 0.0968 |
| 11.5 | 1.126 | 0.142 |
| 12.0 | 1.111 | 0.199 |
| 12.5 | 1.123 | 0.259 |
| 13.0 | 1.146 | 0.305 |
| 13.5 | 1.177 | 0.343 |
| 14.0 | 1.21 | 0.37 |
| 14.5 | 1.241 | 0.388 |
| 15.0 | 1.27 | 0.402 |
| 15.5 | 1.297 | 0.414 |
| 16.0 | 1.325 | 0.422 |
| 16.5 | 1.351 | 0.428 |
| 17.0 | 1.376 | 0.429 |
| 17.5 | 1.401 | 0.429 |
| 18.0 | 1.423 | 0.426 |
| 18.5 | 1.443 | 0.421 |
| 19.0 | 1.461 | 0.414 |
| 19.5 | 1.476 | 0.404 |
| 20.0 | 1.48 | 0.393 |
| 21.0 | 1.487 | 0.382 |
| 22.0 | 1.5 | 0.373 |
| 23.0 | 1.511 | 0.367 |
| 24.0 | 1.521 | 0.361 |
| 25.0 | 1.531 | 0.356 |
| 26.0 | 1.539 | 0.35 |
| 27.0 | 1.545 | 0.344 |
| 28.0 | 1.549 | 0.338 |
| 29.0 | 1.551 | 0.333 |
| 30.0 | 1.551 | 0.328 |
| 32.0 | 1.546 | 0.324 |
| 34.0 | 1.536 | 0.329 |
| 36.0 | 1.527 | 0.343 |
| 38.0 | 1.522 | 0.361 |
| 40.0 | 1.519 | 0.385 |
| 42.0 | 1.522 | 0.409 |
| 44.0 | 1.53 | 0.436 |
| 46.0 | 1.541 | 0.462 |
| 48.0 | 1.555 | 0.488 |
| 50.0 | 1.587 | 0.514 |
| 60.0 | 1.703 | 0.587 |
| 70.0 | 1.821 | 0.576 |
| 80.0 | 1.886 | 0.547 |
| 90.0 | 1.924 | 0.536 |
| 100.0 | 1.957 | 0.532 |
| 110.0 | 1.966 | 0.531 |
| 120.0 | 2.004 | 0.526 |
| 130.0 | 2.036 | 0.514 |
| 140.0 | 2.056 | 0.5 |
| 150.0 | 2.069 | 0.495 |
| 160.0 | 2.081 | 0.496 |
| 170.0 | 2.094 | 0.497 |
| 180.0 | 2.107 | 0.499 |
| 190.0 | 2.119 | 0.501 |
| 200.0 | 2.13 | 0.504 |
Optical transmission calculator
Free-standing sample in vacuum, normal incidence- Transmittance T
- —
- Reflectance R
- —
Fresnel reflection calculator
- Rp
- —
- Rs
- —
- R = (Rp+Rs)/2
- —
- Phase φp
- —
- Phase φs
- —
- Brewster angle θB
- —
- Critical angle θC
- —
Liquid water (H2O) at 25 °C